Describe the U.S. Foreign Policy and how it affects the citizens Essay

Describe the U.S. Foreign Policy and how it affects the citizens - Essay Example ternational education; and protection of American citizens abroad and  expatriation†. The U.S. doesn’t really have a unified foreign policy goal anymore. The most recent unified foreign policy was the Cold War Strategy of containment of the USSR and of Communism, which pervaded its relation with almost virtually every country. Since then, however, there are different policies that are for different countries. Policies may be divided by continents, United Nations, Foreign Aid, Defense, and Allies and Enemies. The U.S. has a strong foreign policy with The United Kingdom. Its foreign policy affirms this bilateral relationship with U.K. as its most important in the world, which is evidenced in the levels of cooperation in military planning, execution of military operations, nuclear weapons technology, and intelligence sharing with each other. These two countries also share the world’s largest foreign investment partnership, with the U.S. investing in the U.K. reachi ng $255 billion and U.K.’s investment in the U.S. reaching $283 billion. Another alliance is NATO, or North American Treaty Organization, which is a national alliance that consists of twenty-eight countries. Under the NATO policy, the U.S. is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power (Cox & Stokes, 2008). There are also foreign policies on different issues, such as terrorism, worldwide health and disease, immigration, foreign aid and others. The foreign policy of worldwide health and disease targets globalized diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB, etc. Different organizations have been formed to combat these diseases such as PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), where the U.S. government spends fifteen billion dollars over a span of five years to combat HIV/AIDS. Foreign aid is also another foreign policy. This policy compels the U.S. to spend about 0.18% of its Gross Domestic Product on Official Development Assistance. Un der this, there is also the Millennium Challenge Account, which is a government organization to which developing countries can apply for U.S. foreign aid (Cox & Stokes, 2008). The average American doesn’t know very much about the U.S.’s foreign policies. Most of the public are uninformed, or misinformed. Despite this, it is still a fact that the U.S. foreign policy does affect almost every aspect of the daily lives of Americans. Take for example the price of gasoline. The U.S. gets its oil from other countries such as Libya, Egypt, and other Middle-Eastern countries. In April 2011, fears about the unrest in Libya and Egypt sent oil prices to $113 a barrel. Another example is the life and death of the nation’s soldiers. NATO is compelled to defend any of its states that are attacked by a foreign power, meaning that there will be drafting of soldiers to go to war, which usually results in deaths and loss of resources (Irish & Frank, 2000). Most American citizens b uild lives

Reflective Leadership And Definitions Of Leading Management Essay

Reflective Leadership And Definitions Of Leading Management Essay Leadership, Wow, I cant say that I have ever studied about a word with so much meaning and diversity. Considering that there are many definitions of leadership and no one in particular is right or wrong. I want to explain what I believe is the key theories of leadership success within profit and non-profit organizations, which are the contingency theories of Situational Leadership and Transformational Leadership. As with all leadership theories, the behaviors and attributes of the leader will directly influence the satisfaction and performance of subordinates, therefore it is essential that we discuss what makes these two theories most effective in terms of leadership success. The way I came to this realization about these two theories is really quite simple, they both relate to the needs of the subordinate in reference to their ability to effectively carry out task. I have seen first-hand how each theory is used to influence team members and in an attempt to reflect back on what I think effective leadership is, I want to start with the situational leadership theory and how it relates to the situational variables of everyday life. Basically not everyone shares the same heredity in terms of natural traits and tendencies, nor the same upbringing, community, or life experiences. Heritable tendencies, including different learning styles, mixed with life experiences, form an inner core on which all future experiences are built layer by layer (Belasen Frank, 2008). For instance, with situational leadership, comes the need for appropriate types of leadership behaviors required for different levels of subordinate maturity in relation to the work being performed. For example as stated in our text, a high-maturity subordinate has both the ability and confidence to do a task, whereas a low-maturity subordinate lacks ability and self-confidence ( Yukl, Dec 31, 2008, p. 235). Whether at home, at church or just about anywhere you go, you will notice different levels of maturity, while some levels of maturity are high and some low, if a leader knows what to look for in a subordinate it can prove to be most effective in terms of leadership success. For example, consider an individual with a low level of maturity, the leader should use substantial task-oriented behavior and directive defining roles, clarifying standards and procedures, and monitoring progress on attainment of objectives ( Yukl, Dec 31, 2008). However, quite the opposite is true for a subordinate with high-maturity level. In this case the leader should use a low level of task-oriented and relations-oriented behaviors because of the subordinates ability to do the work without much dir ection or monitoring by the leader, and the confidence to work without much supportive behavior by the leader ( Yukl, Dec 31, 2008). I might add that when dealing with the different levels of maturity, it is important to remember that as maturity levels increase and decrease, so does the need for an increase or decrease in the amount of task-oriented behaviors. Therefore, requiring the leader to provide more relations-oriented behaviors based on the different levels of subordinate maturity. Either way, when dealing with the maturity levels of subordinates, the leader should build a relationship based on understanding and trust by being supportive and consulting with peers on their concerns, while providing praise and attention. Furthermore, the most important aspect to remember that the key to successful managerial leadership is not just to recognize the opposing pressures placed on the managerial job, but knowing how to navigate across the roles to balance contradictory demands from diverse constituencies (Belasen Frank, 2008). Therefore, if a relations-oriented behavior involves building relationships with peers, it can be considered one of the most effective attributes a leader needs influence followers and successfully move an organization forward. Relationships and trust are inherent concerns for many organizations because they are valuable attributes that directly affect leadership effectiveness and organizational success. Understanding this accusation is being a ware as technology increases and organizations grow more complex, so does the quality of trust and relationships, therefore making these elements critical to the success of the organization. As discussed above, being supportive and consulting with subordinates about their concerns, while providing praise and attention means actively communicating through group or one on one meetings to address concerns. Personal or organizational strengths, challenges, weaknesses and liabilities are a few concerns. This strategic move can only be achieved through the use of structured questions to discuss the areas that needed to be improved or changed. Note that relationships and trust are always two sided which means not only can this relations-oriented behavior prove effective for the leader, it gives the subordinate the opportunity to express concerns related to the leaders abilities. For example, if leadership abilities are questionable because of the complexity of the task, and there are stron g relations-oriented behaviors based on trust and relationships across all levels of an organization, the issue of leadership abilities can be addressed openly. However, if leaderships abilities are left unaddressed it can have a negative influence that could cause defiant behaviors among subordinates; therefore the use of Transformational Leadership Theory comes into play. While Transformational Leadership begins with an awareness of our own beliefs and feelings, and how these beliefs and feelings affect the actions of the leader. As a leaders awareness grows, they begin to see an inner motivating force that drives the passions and values that affect the thoughts, feelings and actions of others. Basically as a leaders awareness increases, so does their perception. Perception allows them to choose actions openly meeting the needs of the situation and people around us, which is more powerful than a Situational Leadership style. Transformational Leadership inspires wholeness of being, so that a leaders thoughts, feelings and actions are consistent. Transformational leadership is about leading with honesty and legitimacy that inspires others to follow and eventually become leaders themselves. This stylish approach to leadership, guides its leaders from a competitive nature among individuals, teams or nations. The approach leads an association in understand ing the whole situation, and leadership for the good of all. For example, this style of leadership directs leaders from making a transaction at any cost. It forms lasting relationships and seeks reasonable outcomes; such as realizing a supportable vision that contributes to the welfare of everyone involved, not just the ones with the power and control. Much like the Situational Theory objectives of task and relations-oriented behaviors, the Transformational Leadership Theory focuses on developing a mutual trust among leaders and followers, while nurturing the leadership capabilities of others. First introduced by James MacGregor Burns during his study of political leadership, the term Transformational Leadership is now used in organizational psychology as well. Burns described it not as a set of specific behaviors, but rather an ongoing process by which leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of morality and motivation, Transformational leaders offer a purpose that transcends short-term goals and focuses on higher order intrinsic needs (Covey, 2007). The Transformational Leadership Theory identifies four behaviors/processes needed to achieve leadership effectiveness, which include charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulation, as well as consideration. These behaviors or processes attempt to support the claims su rrounding this Transformational style of leadership. This theory states, that if a leader exhibits these qualities they will motivate subordinates to be high achievers and put the long-term interest of the organization ahead of their own short-term interest. I will discuss these four concepts more in depth. First looking at the component of charisma which is the degree in which a leader performs his or her duties in commendable ways that causes peers to identify with the leaders values and beliefs. For instance, charismatic leaders may display beliefs, take stands and appeal to peers on an emotional levels based on the values or beliefs they establish. Not only will a charismatic leader demonstrate these values and beliefs in their actions, they will use them as a way to become a positive role model for their followers. As with the trust that must be built between leaders and followers, it needs to be built on a moral and ethical foundation that prompts inspirational motivation. This is another Transformational component in which a leader expresses a vision that is both appealing and inspiring to followers. Leaders that use the component of inspirational motivation, challenge followers by setting high standards, communicate positivity about future goals, and provide a sense of significance for the task at hand. Considering that this Transformational component requires the followers to maintain a sense of perseverance if they are to be motivated. It is inherently important that this idealistic aspect of leadership be supported with communication skills that aids in the expression of his or her vision. If one uses precision, power and persuasion, it will trigger yet another component, intellectual stimulation. With intellectual stimulation or the amount to which the leader challenges follower expectations, takes risks and solicits their ideas by stimulating and encouraging follower creativity. As a result of follower support in a leaders vision, it provides a foundation for followers to manage how they relate to the leader, organization and the goals set forth by the organization. Once this foundation is set, the follower can creatively overcome any difficulties in the way of the mission. As with many large organizations, the need for Individualized consideration or individualized attention arises as a component of the Transformational style of leadership requires the leader to attend follower needs on an individual bases. During this individualization process the leader acts as a mentor and listens to the concerns and needs of the followers. This act of individual attention also involves the need for the leader to respect and celebrate the individual contributions made by each peer to achieve team success. A leader that harnesses this type of leadership trait and uses it effectively adds diversity to the team and gives it power. This approach not only educates the next cohort of leaders, but fulfills the individual needs for self-actualization, fulfillment. This naturally propels followers to further success and growth. When  analyzing these leadership theories and how they are affected by group culture, personal values, globalization and performance results, we have to consider the leadership behaviors that have a positive effect on the followers performance. We often hear that true leaders are born and not made, however once groups are formed, there always seems to be one individual that emerges from the group and takes on the role of leadership, which is a very good indication that the roles and behaviors of leadership vary from one situation to the next. For instance, situational leaders are able to adapt their leadership style to fit their followers and situations in which they are working by making conscious choices between the use of directive behavior or supportive behavior ( Erven, 2001, p. 1). For a leader to use a directive behavior, they must rely on providing structure, control and close supervision of the followers, whereas with a supportive behavior, the leader relies on praise, two -way communication, and supporting the work of the individual or group. Characterized as the most popular approach to understanding leadership effectiveness, Transformational leadership theory rests on the claim that certain leader behaviors can arouse followers to a higher level of thinking. Much like the supportive behavior found in the situational leadership theory, Transformational leadership effectiveness depends on the four dimensions of leader behavior mentioned earlier. Idealized influence, Inspirational motivation, Intellectual stimulation and Individualized consideration all build a positive relationship between leader and follower. With all of the leadership theories and the behaviors that coincide with each theory, there is still the question of whether or not there is such a thing as a born leader. While I am convinced that there are individuals who are born with leadership skills there are those that are taught the leadership skills required to become effective leaders. Furthermore, after studying about all of the possible leadership scenarios and leadership skills available to man, it is imperative for effective leadership that they be taught and implement in our daily lives. In conclusion, I wrote about my views of effective leadership, which all involved trust and relationships, problems and solutions. Using the theories and characteristics described here along with my reflections on what leadership should consist of, I have a few commitments that define my leadership ability and serves as controlling ideologies for my future growth and development as an effective leader. Much like the characteristics of a situational and transformational leader, my obligations are as follows: building trust; maintaining a moral purpose; building meaningful relationships with peers while sharing the responsibility of decision making processes; accepting change as a process and not just a power move; reveling success on an individual and group basis; provide meaning and joy in the work; mentoring others in a professional way while maintaining a balance between work and family demands. Therefore, as I continue to progress as a leader, I anticipate that my experiences, bel iefs, and ideas may actually influence my own perceptions of what it takes to be an effective leader. In the final analysis, it is difficult to briefly define leadership because effective leadership in theory and practice is difficult and multidimensional. Therefore, with all of the different leadership theories and characteristics, it is imperative that leaders do not limit themselves to just a select few, because as we all know, as situations change so does the need for a different leadership approach. To me thats what determines the effectiveness of leadership. Furthermore, true leaders have a responsibility to the organization to work jointly and willingly with peers, in finding solutions that provide an effective leadership foundation.

Is One Rodman Enough Essay -- essays research papers

Is One Rodman Enough? In today’s world everybody has his or her own view of what makes a male masculine and a female feminine. If a male were to possess some traits that would be known as feminine, he would be seen as a homosexual. Likewise, if a female were to possess some traits that would be known as masculine, she would be looked upon as being â€Å"butch†. Present day television shows and films mold most peoples’ views on gender identity. A person’s job helps to define their gender identity in other peoples’ eyes. Television and films portray certain professions to be very feminine. For example, have you ever seen a macho, male hair stylist in a movie or on television? A person’s choice of clothing also molds their gender identity in other peoples’ eyes. If a man were to wear tight, pink spandex all the time he would be looked upon as being a homosexual because spandex was made for females to wear. However, knowing all of this, there are some people who are considered exceptions to these concepts. Dennis Rodman is one of these exceptions. Rodman is a professional basketball player who is known for his aggressive style of play on the court. This aggressive style gives him a very masculine image. Nonetheless, he portrays himself as having many feminine characteristics when he is not playing basketball. Knowing this, are people like Dennis Rodman redefining the gender identities? Persons who display success and high status i... Is One Rodman Enough Essay -- essays research papers Is One Rodman Enough? In today’s world everybody has his or her own view of what makes a male masculine and a female feminine. If a male were to possess some traits that would be known as feminine, he would be seen as a homosexual. Likewise, if a female were to possess some traits that would be known as masculine, she would be looked upon as being â€Å"butch†. Present day television shows and films mold most peoples’ views on gender identity. A person’s job helps to define their gender identity in other peoples’ eyes. Television and films portray certain professions to be very feminine. For example, have you ever seen a macho, male hair stylist in a movie or on television? A person’s choice of clothing also molds their gender identity in other peoples’ eyes. If a man were to wear tight, pink spandex all the time he would be looked upon as being a homosexual because spandex was made for females to wear. However, knowing all of this, there are some people who are considered exceptions to these concepts. Dennis Rodman is one of these exceptions. Rodman is a professional basketball player who is known for his aggressive style of play on the court. This aggressive style gives him a very masculine image. Nonetheless, he portrays himself as having many feminine characteristics when he is not playing basketball. Knowing this, are people like Dennis Rodman redefining the gender identities? Persons who display success and high status i...

Canadian Immigration Policies Essay

Do Canadian immigration policies align with Canadian values while responding to current issues surrounding immigration? Factors that influence Canadian immigration policies: One of the factors that influence Canadian immigration policies the most is the economy. When a province is in need of people to fill certain jobs but there are not enough in Canada, they will make sure and find a certain percent of immigrants that can fill those job offerings. This is a process called the Provincial Nomination Act. A factor that also plays a part in the economic influences is that Aboriginals are also apart of Canada. Canada and Aboriginals try to work together and share in prosperity, yet still a great amount remains uneducated, homeless, unemployed and some need social training. This creates conflict with the fact that they are trying to find immigrants who need jobs, and are providing them with job opportunities if they have the certain skills. Aboriginals are worried that Canada is more focused on immigrants then the people who lived here first. All this creates obstacles in the First Nations fully participating in Canada’s economy. Another great factor that plays a role in influencing Canada’s immigration policies is security. In 1976, the guidelines for the security part of immigration did not have that many rules, you just could not be a spy before you came to Canada, or not be suspected of participating in any espionage while in Canada. Now that the times have changed, and many world issues including terrorists have come about, in 2002 they changed the policies to include many security guidelines that include things such as, being a danger to Canadian security, or engaging in terrorism. These security issues have definitely been a factor in influencing the policies for immigration here in Canada. ’ Health is a factor that also influences how Canada changes their immigration policies. Since some immigrants live in countries where certain diseases there, are eradicated in Canada they had to make sure that no immigrants can bring over diseases. This has an influences on Canadian health immigration policies so that they can make sure no diseases can outbreak in Canada that can harm citizens. World Issues and Canadian Immigration As I said in the paragraph about how security influences Canadian Immigration policies, well world issues such as terrorism, violence, and espionage have changed the policies so that Canada can be sure that no people, economic, refugee or family can possibly be a danger to the security of Canada. The Singh decision is also a demonstration of how Canada changed it’s policies so that Canada could be a better place for immigrants. Satnam Singh was a guy who tried to come to Canada from India, claiming refugee status. He was denied under the immigration act of 1976. The Supreme Court, found that this violated section 7 of the charter of rights and freedoms, and that he had the right to a proper and unbiased hearing, and to receive justice, life, liberty and security as long as he was on Canadian soil. This made it so that all people claiming refugee status in Canada had the right to a hearing. This is one of the ways we have shaped our policies for world issues. Since the Singh decision in the 1980’s, this has affected many people claiming refugee status because of war, poverty, population growth, and natural disasters. This allows them to come to Canada and maybe be eligible to seek refuge here. Impacts on the Aboriginals Canadian immigration has a large impact on Aboriginals because they are worried that the Canadian government cares more about immigrants then they do about the First Nations. As I said before, because so many First Nations are homeless, unemployed, and uneducated they cannot always play a proper role in Canadian economy. The Canadian government though will spend money on providing food and other accommodations for refugees who aren’t even living in Canada officially yet. You can see how this impacts the First Nations, like in the Attawapiskat where hundreds are homeless. Yet, in 2005 AFN created the Assembly of First Nations, resolution no, 49. Saying that all immigration should freeze until they solve the issues with the First Nations and there â€Å"third world problems†. The Provinces and Immigration Provinces mostly only have a small little bit of control over immigration, the most provinces can do is use the Provincial Nomination Program, where they can control the percentage of immigrants that goes to that province with certain skills. Although, this does not mean that they can control who goes where, it just increases the likelihood they will move there. Problems that occur when immigrating Since we did our â€Å"Your story is my story† project, it has opened up and showed me a lot of the problems that can happen when immigrating. When people immigrate to Canada, many times they need to re-do their education, even if they acquired education in their countries. My â€Å"Your story is my story† girl, Tatiana, also had to re-take her courses in Canada, and not only the courses she took before (Nursing) but also English. Many immigrants with Ph. D’s and M. D’s end up working as taxi drivers or janitors because their qualifications are not recognized. This seems to be one of the biggest issues when immigrating to Canada. Another problem that seems to occur is of course the language barrier. Under our immigration laws, immigrants must be able to read and write either English and/or French at a functional level. Yet, many of the immigrants moving here today seem to only know very little English or French at all. That is also why a majority turns to menial jobs. A problem that occurred a little bit ago was that in Herouxville they created a code of life in which they targeted Muslim immigrants. Although they did not particularly say that, they banned wearing anything like a mask or on your head unless it was Halloween. This seemed to offend many Muslim immigrants when coming to Canada, because they said the headdresses they where are apart of their religion and culture. This was a controversial subject, but the code of life did end up being changed. A similar incident to this was when a NDP attorney general Marion Boyd, wanted to introduce Sharia’s Law in Canada, for all Muslims who move and live here. Sharia’s Law is he moral code and religious law of Islam. Sharia’s law includes laws such as â€Å"If a women in your household disgraces your family, you are allowed to honor kill them. † There are other laws in Sharia’s laws that are like this. Homa Arjomand, a Muslim protester against Sharia’s law said, â€Å"We will not tolerate the interference of religion in our justice system. † This whole situation was controversial to Canada’s rights and freedoms and our values. So do Canadian immigration policies align with Canadian values while responding to current issues surrounding immigration? No, I believe that our policies do not align with our values surrounding the current issues in immigration. As you can see from the evidence I have pointed out, there are many controversial issues that occur when it comes to immigrants’ religion. I think our policies need to be altered even more so that, immigrants don’t need to retake years of university or high school to become re-qualified for jobs they were already doing in their home countries, because they’re not recognized here. The language barrier should be one of the most important things when immigrants come to Canada. Immigrants must know how to speak either of our official languages otherwise how do we expect them to live here and understand what’s going on in Canada. I also think that although this is Canada and we accept many different cultures and religions, we will make it clear that we do not accept things like honor killings or as the NDP attorney general was trying to introduce, Sharia’s law. This is not racist or discriminative this is going by what we have in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Also, I believe that another current issue that does not align with Canadian values or policies is the problem with the First Nations such as the problem in Attawapiskat. All these things lead up to the conclusion that these definitely do not align with either of Canada’s values or policies.

Nineteen Eighty-four and People Essay

Imagine living in a world where politics are everything and all forms of individuality and personal identities are shattered. A world where everybody is stripped of their rights to talk, act, think, or even form their own opinions, simply because they do not agree with the government’s beliefs. These aspects are just a few of the examples of things dictators would have control over in a totalitarianism form of government. Aggressive leaders such as Hitler and Joseph Stalin are examples of such dictators. They used their power for terror and murder, and their motive is simply to maximize their own personal power. George Orwell had witnessed World War II, the fall of Hitler and Stalin’s dictatorships, and the fatal outcomes that have come from these governments. To warn future generations of the harsh effects of totalitarianism governments, he wrote the book Nineteen Eighty-Four. Published in 1946, Nineteen Eighty-Four describes life in a totalitarianism form of government, following the main character, Winston Smith, as he takes risks in discovering how he believes life should truly be. Literary critic Irving Howe states, â€Å"Were it possible, in the world of 1984, to show human character in anything resembling genuine freedom†¦ it would not be the world of 1984† (62). In Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, the government uses its power to suppress individuality among the people. To begin, the author shows how the government abolishes individuality through the use of mind control. First of all, the creation of Newspeak restricts the individual from saying things that he/she wishes to say. More specifically, the task of the Party’s philologists is to regulate the vocabulary and language of Oceania to ultimately be able to control the actions and behaviors of the people. Literary critic Stephen Ingle argues, â€Å"The more vocabulary contracts, the more the Party will be able to control behavior† (124). Since the Party has complete control over how the people can talk and what they are allowed to say, they ultimately have the power to control how they act. Through Newspeak, thoughtcrime will become impossible due to the fact that there will be no terms in which to express it. Furthermore, the Party asserts its control over the mind through doublethink. To begin, doublethink is an example of a thought process in which one simultaneously holds two contradictory beliefs while accepting both of them. For example, while in the Ministry of Love, O’Brien uses doublethink to make Winston believe that he can float. Winston says, â€Å"If he thinks he floats off the floor and I simultaneously think I see him do it, then it happens† (Orwell 278). O’Brien cannot float, however through the use of doublethink Winston can say that it does happen. Moreover, the Party also uses thoughtcrime to regulate the people’s thoughts, speech, actions, and feelings towards the government. The Thought Police use psychology and surveillance such as hidden telescreens to discover cases of thoughtcrime and misbehavior. For instance, a telescreen hidden behind a picture on the wall in Winston and Julia’s secret hideout is the reason they are caught in their illegal love affair. Winston describes, â€Å"Thoughtcrime does not entail death: Thoughtcrime IS death† (Orwell 27). Winston is saying that death is definite if one thinks badly about the government or disapproves of the government’s actions. Thus, due to telescreens, people are forced to keep an expression of optimism at all times; because any other emotion will be considered treason (Ingle 127). Consequently, individuality among the people is destroyed through mind control. In addition to mind control, Orwell also illustrates how the government strips the people of their personal identities though their control over reality. To begin, the party uses its power over Oceania’s history to eliminate all records of the past in order to create a future entirely dedicated to politics. Winston states, â€Å"History has stopped. Nothing exists except an endless present in which the Party is always right. I know, of course, that the past is falsified, but it would never be possible for me to prove it† (Orwell 155). The Party has complete control over the history of Oceania, and they choose to delete any and all traces of the past, such as memories. Additionally, the Party uses their control over memories to minimize individuality in the people of Oceania. More specifically, the Party seeks to control the memory of the people because without memory, they cannot remember the past. They remove all documents and records of the past through their memory holes. It is one’s memories that keep the past existing and that shape their lives (Ingle 123). The Party succeeds in abolishing the past by restricting the memories of the people. Moreover, the government reduces individuality with their perceptions of logic. In Oceania, whatever the Party says is correct is correct. If one does not agree with what the Party says, he/she is considered insane; a flaw in the system. To explain, when Winston is taken to the Ministry of Love, they torture him-physically and emotionally to make him accept the logic of the Party. Powerful party member O’Brien explains to Winston that their logic is correct, regardless of what Winston knows is right. O’Brien implores, â€Å"Sometimes they are five. Sometimes they are three. Sometimes they are all of them at once. You must try harder. It is not easy to become sane† (Orwell 207). O’Brien is saying that the government has the ability to alter aspects of their lives that Winston knows are the real thing; however he has no choice but to accept them. He is considered â€Å"insane† because he knows what is right and what is wrong and is hesitant to believe that the Party’s logic is true. Noted critic Stephen Ingle implies, â€Å"Winston conjectures that in the end the Party would declare that two plus two made five and the individual would be required to believe it† (122). In the future, there will be no other types of logic other that what the Party deems to be true. Thus, the government uses its power to control all aspects of reality for the people of Oceania. Equally important to mind control and reality, Orwell also shows how the government’s control over the people’s emotions suppresses their individuality. To begin, the Party extinguishes all forms of pure love among the people. More specifically, if two people wish to get married, they must be approved. If they wish to marry out of love and affection, they will be denied. In the eyes of the Party, marriage must be handled like business-only to produce offspring that will be loyal to them. Winston implores, â€Å"But you could not have pure love or pure lust nowadays. No emotion was pure, because everything was mixed up with fear and hatred† (Orwell 105). Every aspect of the people’s lives in Oceania is robotic and systematic, there are no true emotions. Similarly to the Party’s control over love, they also control sex between the people. To explain, the Party believes that there should not be any pleasure from sex; it should only be used in order to reproduce. The people who are faithful to the party transform their sexual energy into political hysteria (Howe 65). All of their energy goes towards the Two Minutes Hate and their hatred for Big Brother in order to bring some form of unity amongst them. Furthermore, the Party also uses emotional torture to abolish individuality. To justify, when Winston is in the Ministry of Love, he endures not only physical torture but psychological torture as well. He says, â€Å"In the end the nagging voices broke him down more completely than the boats and fists of the guards† (Orwell 200). The emotional torture from the questioning Winston undergoes wears him down and makes him into a mouth that simply utters what he believes they want to hear. The questioners transform him into something that is not even human anymore- merely just a robot. Literary expert Stephen Ingle argues that â€Å"the right and capacity to form one’s own judgment on external events†¦a full emotional life, a private world into which one could retire: those were the bastions of identity which Winston Smith sought to defend† (127). Winston is the last individual with knowledge of things outside of what the Party believes to be moral, and eventually he is stripped from that title and made into one of the other brain-washed citizens of Oceania. Consequently, the Party uses emotional torture to suppress individuality among the people. Hence, the government in Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four has been proven to use their power to strip the citizens of their individuality. For instance, the Party uses their control to take over the minds of the people and restrict what they can/cannot say or do. Also, they have the power to control all records of the past, memories, and the logic they have placed in their society. If that is not enough, the Party also controls their emotions, regulates sex, and forces emotional torture among them to force their logic into their brains. Orwell is â€Å"trying to present the kind of world in which individuality has become obsolete and personality a crime† (Howe 62). Ultimately, if a society allows a dictatorship in which one person or a group of people have all the power over the citizens, the society will transform into an individualized group of robots.